Water quality!

Temperature in water is very important.  It regulates living conditions for animals and plants living in water.  Example: a body of water with a cold temperature will have a lower amount of aquatic life, compared to a body of water with warmer temperatures all year round.  Warmer water is the potential living condition for animals, because most animals spawn in warmer temperatures/warmer weather seasons.  Temperature also helps scientists measure other things.


pH is the measure of how acidic the water is. The scale is (0.0 - 14.0) And 7.0 is the neutral state of pH in water where a creature could live in it.
Like the pH balance of a pool!



Dissolved oxygen measures the amount of molecular oxygen in water.  It does not measure the amount of oxygen in water, but only dissolved water.  Basically, this is to tell how much oxygen is in water to determine if plant and animal life can live there. If the levels are low, animals can die.


Nitrates are the most important form of nitrogen in water because it promotes growth and reproduction of many pants and algae.  It's pretty limited, considering plants use most of them for growth. 

Conductivity measures the water's ability for an electrical current.  It measures by a total of dissolved solids.
Pure water is a poor conductor.   Phosphates are a major source of eutrophication, and is used in fertilizers and detergents. 
Turbidity is the measure of how clear water is. Large amounts of sediment suspended in the water causes an increase in turbidity, creating a foggy water atmosphere.
E coli is an indicator species in water, found in intestines of warm blooded organisms.  E coli is generally not good for humans and animals. E coli is poop.

Against Mountaintop Removal!

Mountaintop Removal is slowly destroying homes, habitats, and health.

• Mountaintop Removal destroys natural habitats. The tops of mountains are cut completely off, leaving a big whole in something that was naturally made!
• It can cause sludge or coal slurry. That can destroy houses and neighborhoods.
• Rocks and dirt and dust go everywhere after/while this is being done. It can make the surrounding areas dirty and gross. 
• The excess rocks can kill animals around it and even people if they're too close.
• It makes streams of water or surrounding rivers disgusting and harmful to fish and other sea creatures!

IT'S ALL AROUND BAD! MOSTLY EVERYONE AGREES.






:(



http://mountainjustice.org/kentucky/water.php

Favoring Mountaintop Removal Mining

There are some reasons that mountain top removal isn't exactly 100% terrible.

Safety wise, removing coal this way can prevent many injuries around the area, and it is a lot safer than doing it underground.


There is pretty much no chance of gas or roof falls that would kill any miners.


It is a LOT cheaper than doing it the traditional way.


It's easier for everyone all around




http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/07/rand-paul-mountain-top-removal-mining-enhances-the-land.php

3 methods of surface mining (5th six weeks)

Open-pit mining, strip mining, and mountaintop removal mining

Open-pit mining is when coal miners extract rock from the earth by an open pit or burrow.


Strip mining is something that involves removing a thin layer of material known as overburden to access buried coal.


Mountaintop removal is when miners literally chop off the top of a mountain to gain access to the coal inside

Bishop, WV (Coal camp 5th six weeks)

Bishop Coal camp was one of the last coal camps to be built in Pocahontas Coalfield in 1930. Half of the camp is in McDowell, WV and the other half is in Tazwell County, VA. They mined a seven-foot of Pocahontas area.


You could tell this was a huge mining camp


This is the remains of the coal camp



You can find out a little more information here : http://www.coalcampusa.com/sowv/flattop/bishop/bishop.htm

Underground Coal (5th six weeks)

Underground mining is when you go underground to mine for coal. (Whoa!)

Underground mining can be denied when companies try to get permission to do so. People always have to ask permission.

Drift mining is used when coal seams intersect the surface. They have to go into the mountain sideways to get the coal


Shaft mining is a vertical passageway made in the earth for dinging ore.


Room and Pillar mining is a mining system where the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane.

Continuous mining is done by a machine. It's basically a machine that makes it easier to mine coal a lot faster

Longwall mining is when an entire long wall of coal is mined in a single slice. Pretty cool.

Coal Formation (5th six weeks)

Coal is called a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of vegetation that grew as long as 400 million years ago. The plants which formed coal captured energy from the sun through photosynthesis to create the compounds that make up plant tissues.The plant material is made out of carbon. Most of our coal was made 300 million years ago.  Coal is also made out of peat, which is dried up mucky plants that sat on top of the water's surface in swamps.


http://www.ket.org/trips/coal/agsmm/agsmmhow.html

Chart (5th six weeks)

In chart 2, the November data in our project, there are many things happening.   The AOT (Aerosol Optical Thickness) is going down.  This means that the amount of aerosols in the air is decreasing. This allows more sunlight to come through the atmosphere.  That is why the Percent Transmission is going up very quickly. As the dates get closer and closer to December, the temperatures of the Practice Football Field and the Student Parking Lot get lower. This is happening because when more sunlight is entering into the Earth’s atmosphere more water is evaporating. This makes the AOT go up slightly, so there are more clouds to insulate our area. This makes the temperatures go down.

Aerosols conclusion (5th six weeks)

Aerosols are tiny solids and liquids that are suspended in the air. These form clouds and help the water cycle, but can also be harmful to the environment. Most aerosols are formed naturally from volcanoes, forest fires, sea spray, etc. but some of them are created by humans. These are made by burning fossil fuels and altering earth’s surface. Large cities create the most aerosols since there are more cars and buildings that burn fossil fuels. Aerosols have a direct cooling effect. When there are more aerosols in the atmosphere, more clouds are formed. This means more sunlight is reflected back into space and the earth cools down.

Aerosols can be bad, too. The bad: human made aerosols contribute to the urban heat island effect (UHI). The urban heat island effect is defined as the increase in urban temperatures as compared to surrounding suburban and rural temperatures. This happens because of the dark building materials used in cities (asphalt, buildings, and cars) and the lack of grass and vegetation. Since the temperatures are higher in the urban areas, this also means the people must use more air conditioners, creating more aerosols. The more cities built in the world means the earth’s temperature will raise more, creating global climate change.